What is a Roth 401(k)?

While many people are familiar with the benefits of traditional 401(k) plans, others are not as acquainted with Roth 401(k)s.


Since January 1, 2006, employers have been allowed to offer workers access to Roth 401(k) plans. And some have introduced offerings as part of their retirement programs.1


As the name implies, Roth-401(k) plans combine features of 401(k) plans with those of a Roth IRA.2,3


With a Roth 401(k), contributions are made with after-tax dollars – there is no tax deduction on the front end – but qualifying withdrawals are not subject to income taxes. Any capital appreciation in the Roth 401(k) also is not subject to income taxes.


What to Choose?

For some, the choice between a Roth 401(k) and a traditional 401(k) comes down to determining whether the upfront tax break on the traditional 401(k) is likely to outweigh the back-end benefit of tax-free withdrawals from the Roth 401(k).


Please remember, this article is for informational purposes only and is not a replacement for real-life advice, so make sure to consult your tax professional before adjusting your retirement strategy to include a Roth 401(k).


Often, this isn’t an “all-or-nothing” decision. Many employers allow contributions to be divided between a traditional-401(k) plan and a Roth-401(k) plan – up to overall contribution limits.


Considerations

One subtle but key consideration is that Roth 401(k) plans aren’t subject to income restrictions like Roth IRAs are. This can offer advantages to high-income individuals whose Roth IRA has been limited by these restrictions. 

Traditional 401(k) Roth 401(k) Roth IRA
Contributions Contributions are made with pretax dollars Contributions are made with after-tax dollars Contributions are made with after-tax dollars
Income Limits No income limits to participate No income limits to participate For 2022, contribution limit is phased out between $204,000 and $214,000 (married, filing jointly), and between $129,000 and $145,000 (single filers)
Maximum Elective Contribution* Contributions are limited to $20,500 in 2022, ( $27,000 for those over age 50)* Aggregate contributions are limited to $20,500 in 2022, ($27,000 for those over age 50)* Contributions are limited to $6,000 for 2022, ($7,000 for those over age 50)
Taxation of Withdrawals Qualifying withdrawals of contributions and earnings are subject to income taxes Qualifying withdrawals of contributions and earnings are not subject to income taxes Qualifying withdrawals of contributions and earnings are not subject to income taxes
Required Distributions In most cases, distributions must begin no later than age 72 In most cases, distributions must begin no later than age 72 There is no requirement to begin taking distributions while owner is alive

* This is an aggregate limit by individual rather than by plan. The total of an individual’s aggregate contributions to his or her traditional and Roth 401(k) plans cannot exceed the deferral limit – $20,500 in 2022 ($27,000 for those over age 50).

Source: IRS.gov, 2022


Roth-401(k) plans are subject to the same annual contribution limits as regular 401(k) plans – $20,500 for 2022; $27,000 for those over age 50. These are cumulative limits that apply to all accounts with a single employer; for example, an individual couldn’t save $20,500 in a traditional 401(k) and another $20,500 in a Roth 401(k).4


Another factor to consider is that employer matches are made with pretax dollars, just as they are with a traditional 401(k) plan. In a Roth 401(k), however, these matching funds accumulate in a separate account, which will be taxed as ordinary income at withdrawal.


Setting money aside for retirement can be part of a sound personal financial strategy. Deciding whether to use a traditional 401(k) or a Roth 401(k) often involves reviewing a wide range of factors. If you are uncertain about what is the best choice for your situation, you should consider working with a qualified tax or financial professional.



  1. To qualify for the tax-free and penalty-free withdrawal of earnings, Roth 401(k) distributions must meet a five-year holding requirement and occur after age 59½. Tax-free and penalty-free withdrawal also can be taken under certain other circumstances, such as a result of the owner’s death or disability. Employer matches are pretax and not distributed tax-free during retirement. Once you reach age 72, you must begin taking required minimum distributions.
  2. In most circumstances, you must begin taking required minimum distributions from your 401(k) or other defined contribution plan in the year you turn 72. Withdrawals from your 401(k) or other defined contribution plans are taxed as ordinary income, and if taken before age 59½, may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty.
  3. Roth IRA contributions cannot be made by taxpayers with high incomes. In 2022, the income phaseout limit is $144,000 for single filers, $214,000 for married filing jointly. To qualify for the tax-free and penalty-free withdrawal of earnings, Roth IRA distributions must meet a five-year holding requirement and occur after age 59½. Tax-free and penalty-free withdrawal also can be taken under certain other circumstances, such as a result of the owner’s death or disability. The original Roth IRA owner is not required to take minimum annual withdrawals.
  4. IRS.gov 2022


The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information. The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. This material was developed and produced by FMG Suite to provide information on a topic that may be of interest. FMG Suite is not affiliated with the named broker-dealer, state- or SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. Copyright FMG Suite.

January 17, 2025
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September 17, 2024
Ways to Maximize your 401(K) A 401(k) account is one of the most valuable tools for saving and planning for retirement. Many plans offer features that can help you set aside more of the money you earn for retirement and grow wealth for your financial future. Contribute as much as you can. These days, it’s customary for many 401(k) plans to set default contribution rates for participants. While these defaults can help savers who are new to retirement planning, eventually you should save more if you are able to - up to 10-15% of your salary, according to many financial planners. There are hard-dollar limits to how much you can contribute to a 401(k) in a calendar year, but these limits are higher for workers who are over age 50. Get the full amount of company match. If your employer matches a portion of your 401(k) contributions, you should contribute enough to get all of this money. Plan rules may not let you take all this money if you leave your job before you’re vested, so it’s important to know the vesting schedule for matching contributions. Make after-tax contributions, if available. Many 401(k) plans permit after-tax contributions, so you can save more toward retirement above the annual contribution limits. After-tax contributions grow tax deferred while inside the 401(k), but the full amount of the withdrawals (principal and earnings) will be taxed as ordinary income. A better option for after-tax contributions is a Roth 401(k), if offered by your employer. All money you withdraw from a Roth 401(k) is tax-free, as long as the withdrawals meet certain conditions. Consider increasing your contribution rate every year. Many people find saving in a 401(k) easy because contributions come out automatically from their paychecks, before they’re able to spend these earnings. The more you can make saving automatic, the better off you’ll be. For example, consider automating your contribution increases, raising the portion of your pre-tax that’s contributed to your 401(k) by 1 percentage point every year. Avoid loans and early withdrawals. Taking money out of your 401(k) before retirement means you erase all the good progress you’re making toward your financial future. While it may be tempting to tap these funds in times of emergency, first consider other options such as cutting spending, consolidating debt and using short-term savings accounts. Once you start digging a hole in your 401(k) through borrowing and early withdrawals, it can be difficult to get yourself back to where you were. Distributions from 401(k) plans and most other employer-sponsored retirement plans are taxed as ordinary income and, if taken before age 59 1/2, may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty. Generally, once you reach age 73, you must begin taking required minimum distributions. This material is for general information only and is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. There is no assurance that the views or strategies discussed are suitable for all investors or will yield positive outcomes. Investing involves risks including possible loss of principal. Securities offered through LPL Financial, Member FINRA/SIPC. Investment advisory services offered through Global Retirement Partners, LLC dba AssuredPartners Financial Advisors, an SEC registered investment advisor. AssuredPartners Financial Advisors and LPL Financial are separate non-affiliated entities.
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