Making Sense of Your ROTH 401(k)

The Roth 401(k) has become an attractive investment account, with investors attracted to their qualified tax-free withdrawals and contributions which receive after-tax treatment. But like other 401(k) plans, the Roth 401(k) carries with it numerous rules that impact their ultimate tax treatment. Understanding these rules is critical for optimizing your tax consequences.

Tax-Free? Really?
Distributions from your Roth 401(k) qualify for tax- and penalty-free treatment if the following are met:
  • The participant reaches the age of 59 1/2 or in the event of the participant’s death or disability AND
  • The participant has held the account for at least five tax years.

If the distribution does not meet these requirements, they are characterized as non-qualified and are subject to income taxes and possibly penalties.

Rollover Options
If you have been contributing to a Roth 401(k) while working at an employer and then leave that employer, you have a few options: 
  • Maintain the 401(k) with your (now) previous employer
  • Rollover the 401(k) balance into another employer-sponsored retirement plan that allows for rollovers
  • Rollover the account into a Roth IRA
  • Cash out the account value

While all of the above options generally have no tax consequences, if you decide instead to cash out from your plan and the cash out does not meet qualified distribution requirements, you will incur a tax obligation on the distribution that represents earnings and possibly a 10% additional federal tax.

Minimum Distributions
The minimum distribution requirements for both Roth 401(k) and traditional 401(k) plans are similar and begin when participants reach age 72 (the age was increased from 70 1/2 on January 1, 2020. Account holders who turned 70 1/2 prior to that date are subject to the old rules). However, Roth IRAs do not require account holders to take distributions during their lifetime.

Other Considerations
Contributions made to a Roth 401(k) incur tax obligations when made, making them attractive when you anticipate that tax rates are likely to increase or you expect your income to rise significantly over time. If either of these scenarios fit your situation, by locking in present day tax rates, you may avoid future tax increases.

Additionally, if your income places you in a high tax bracket that prohibits you from contributing to a Roth IRA, a Roth 401(k) may be advantageous. In 2020, the phase out for Roth IRA eligibility begins at modified adjusted gross income of $124,000 for single taxpayers and $196,000 for married individuals filing jointly.

This information is not intended to be a substitute for specific individualized tax advice. We suggest that you discuss your specific tax issues with a qualified tax advisor.

This material was prepared by LPL Financial, LLC
January 17, 2025
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September 17, 2024
Ways to Maximize your 401(K) A 401(k) account is one of the most valuable tools for saving and planning for retirement. Many plans offer features that can help you set aside more of the money you earn for retirement and grow wealth for your financial future. Contribute as much as you can. These days, it’s customary for many 401(k) plans to set default contribution rates for participants. While these defaults can help savers who are new to retirement planning, eventually you should save more if you are able to - up to 10-15% of your salary, according to many financial planners. There are hard-dollar limits to how much you can contribute to a 401(k) in a calendar year, but these limits are higher for workers who are over age 50. Get the full amount of company match. If your employer matches a portion of your 401(k) contributions, you should contribute enough to get all of this money. Plan rules may not let you take all this money if you leave your job before you’re vested, so it’s important to know the vesting schedule for matching contributions. Make after-tax contributions, if available. Many 401(k) plans permit after-tax contributions, so you can save more toward retirement above the annual contribution limits. After-tax contributions grow tax deferred while inside the 401(k), but the full amount of the withdrawals (principal and earnings) will be taxed as ordinary income. A better option for after-tax contributions is a Roth 401(k), if offered by your employer. All money you withdraw from a Roth 401(k) is tax-free, as long as the withdrawals meet certain conditions. Consider increasing your contribution rate every year. Many people find saving in a 401(k) easy because contributions come out automatically from their paychecks, before they’re able to spend these earnings. The more you can make saving automatic, the better off you’ll be. For example, consider automating your contribution increases, raising the portion of your pre-tax that’s contributed to your 401(k) by 1 percentage point every year. Avoid loans and early withdrawals. Taking money out of your 401(k) before retirement means you erase all the good progress you’re making toward your financial future. While it may be tempting to tap these funds in times of emergency, first consider other options such as cutting spending, consolidating debt and using short-term savings accounts. Once you start digging a hole in your 401(k) through borrowing and early withdrawals, it can be difficult to get yourself back to where you were. Distributions from 401(k) plans and most other employer-sponsored retirement plans are taxed as ordinary income and, if taken before age 59 1/2, may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty. Generally, once you reach age 73, you must begin taking required minimum distributions. This material is for general information only and is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. There is no assurance that the views or strategies discussed are suitable for all investors or will yield positive outcomes. Investing involves risks including possible loss of principal. Securities offered through LPL Financial, Member FINRA/SIPC. Investment advisory services offered through Global Retirement Partners, LLC dba AssuredPartners Financial Advisors, an SEC registered investment advisor. AssuredPartners Financial Advisors and LPL Financial are separate non-affiliated entities.
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